Economic Development In Taiwan And South Korea Economics Essay

Economic Development In Taiwan And South Korea Economics Essay In the mid 1900s, the poorest countries were still not able to develop at a faster rate than the advanced countries. But surprisingly enough there were two countries in Asia that developed very rapidly but did so without experiencing the customary great and increasing inequalities and the emergence of mass unemployment. These two countries were from the group of Four Tigers, Taiwan and South Korea. Both Taiwan and South Korea did have similarities in their historic traditions but also developed upon different economic policies. When we talk about economic development it usually includes three parts: economic growth, distribution of wealth, and quality of life. Therefore, in this critique essay, I will be talking about how Taiwan and South Korea were similar and different in terms of developing its economy based upon Tibor Scitovskys essay on Economic Development in Taiwan and South Korea, 1965-1981. Taiwan and South Korea were able to be successful in developing their country due to similarities in tradition and background. First, the two countries share a common Chinese tradition and Confucian philosophy. From this tradition and philosophy, getting a high level of education and increasing the level of skills have been very significant. Hence, after the war in 1940s, literacy rates have been rising considerably. Secondly, both countries have the capability and motivation to work hard which is also one of Chinese traditions. Even to this day, people from Asia are known to work hard for longer hours. In addition, the success to their economy was due to the flexibility in wages as well as having greater employment stability. As the countries followed the Chinese traditions, bonuses were given to their workers which resulted to a higher rate in personal savings. When the Japanese ruled over both Taiwan and South Korea, they had helped the two countries see a rise in agriculture pr oductivity and infrastructure investment. Additionally, as the rule came to an end, the countries were able to observe the decrease in inequalities of wealth. A big factor that assisted in equalizing the distribution of wealth was the land reforms distributed among small tenant farmers (landowners were also forced to sell all their land for a price less than the market values). In the early 1960s, Taiwan had published the Nineteen-Point Economic Financial Reform of the Third Four-Year Plan which encouraged many private manufacturing enterprises to make an investment. Many of these firms were heavy industries of steel, shipbuilding, and petrochemicals. And there were much more Taiwanese firms in terms of number; privately owned manufacturing firms were much smaller than in Korea because of four significant reasons. One is the vast number of immigrants from China that brought 30% of the total inflow of foreign capital used for establishing independent firms. There was also higher rate in personal savings which allowed firms to easily secure the capital for establishing independent businesses. Knowing that Taiwan better fulfilled the conditions of competition, firms were created to be smaller so it permitted newcomers to enter the market for a cheaper price. Lastly, Taiwan provides infrastructure facilities to enable new firms to establish. In observing these reasons, we can articulate that Taiwan and South Korea have very different monetary policies. The monetary policy for Taiwan has been keeping actual interest rates close to the level of equilibrium interest rate. Instead of keeping the interest rates low to provide low cost of investment for firms, even under inflationary pressure, Taiwan had raised their interest rates. High interest rates encouraged saving, which became productive capital for firms and major force for anti-inflation. In result, the interest-rate monetary policy has both managed the inflation and investment and growth. In contrast with Taiwans economic plan, South Korea policymakers have made general and forceful use of a wide range of incentives intended to reassure private industrys close agreement with their plans. The main incentive is differential access to credit and concessionary cost of credit. Unlike Taiwan, the qualifying criteria for a borrower for low-cost credit in Korea have been far stricter. Hence, the low average interest rates have given the real interest cost of concessionary loans to be zero or lower. Because South Korea is very government-oriented, firms that do not follow the rules formed by the government do not get the loan applications accepted. This concludes that the authorities do have strong control over the decision making in private firms firms that do follow the governments economic plans (the substantial credit and tax incentives) are enabled in the country. And in result, Korea has created twenty large conglomerates. Overall, Taiwan has not only achieved great results in all three aspects, but it also has done quite well according to other economic indicators. For example, it has enjoyed a mild inflation rate, low unemployment rate, and has accumulated vast foreign exchange reserves with almost no foreign debt. Limited natural resources and a high population density mean that Taiwan is not self-sufficient. Hence, foreign trade has come to play a leading role in Taiwans economic development. In addition, because exports from Taiwan have been very strong, Taiwan has not experienced any serious unemployment problem. Labor-intensive export firms have provided jobs to large number of people from both rural and urban areas. South Koreas economy grew rapidly under the rule of former President Park Jung Hee. The economy was able to develop as he shifted the countrys strategy to stimulating growth through export promotion. His policies encouraged private entrepreneurs. Businesses were given powerful incen tives to export, including preferential treatment in obtaining low-interest bank loans, import privileges, permission to borrow from foreign sources, and tax benefits. Therefore, it is inevitable to conclude which one of the two countries was more successful in developing their economy in this period of time. However, when we look at the economy today, South Korea has done an impressive job in bringing them into the position they are in now. Taiwan is still a small, resource-poor economy, vulnerable to foreign pressures, dependent on exports and dependent especially on the U.S. for markets and security.

Horus Research Paper

Horus is one of the oldest and most important deities in the Ancient Egyptian religion. He was worshipped from at least the late Pre-dynastic period through Greco-Roman times. (Remler) Different forms of Horus are recorded in history and these are treated as different gods by some Egyptologists. However these different forms may possibly be different perceptions of the same god who served many different functions. (Remler) The earliest recorded form, dating around the 25th century B. C. , is Horus the Falcon who was the patron god of Nekhen in Upper Egypt and who is the first known national god. Meltzer)However the most widespread and popular story, and the one that I will focus on, describe Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris. (Meltzer) Isis was said to be the daughter of the gods Geb and Nut. She was thought of as the perfect example of the Egyptian mother and wife. She was therefore considered the symbolic mother of all the Pharaohs. (Shaw)Osiris was one of the oldest and most wor shipped gods in ancient Egypt. He was generally referred to as the god of the Afterlife. This would make him one of the most revered gods because the ancient Egyptians felt that the Afterlife was more important than actual life. They often referred to their dead as the â€Å"living ones†. (Meltzer)Horus served many functions in Egyptian mythology, but mostly he was known as either the god of the Sky or the god of both War and Protection. He was also considered the role model for all of the Pharaohs. Each ruler was looked upon as a living Horus. His other roles will be mentioned later. Horus in Egyptian is pronounced Haru, meaning Falcon. Horus has also been translated to mean â€Å"He who is above, over†. Horus also appears as the Egyptian name Har-Si-Ese which means â€Å"Horus, son of Isis†. Horus was also sometimes known as Nekheny, meaning â€Å"Falcon†. Meltzer) In the majority of Egyptian hieroglyphics the Pharaoh is often portrayed as Horus. Countless depictions of the Pharaoh almost always featured him wearing the Eye of Horus and with Isis as his mother. As mentioned before, Pharaoh was looked at as the living version Horus in life so when he went to the Afterlife he woul d be greeted by Osiris as a son. The idea of a Pharaoh as being the son of Osiris seems to have changed to Pharaoh as the son of Ra during the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt but the ruler while alive was always considered as the living Horus. (Meltzer) Horus was the son of the goddess Isis. He was formed from all the dismembered body parts of her murdered husband Osiris. She then used her magic powers to conceive her son. Once Isis knew she was pregnant with Horus, she ran away to the Nile Delta to hide from her brother Seth, who had killed Osiris and knew he would want to kill their son. Since Horus was said to be the sky, he was considered to also contain the sun and moon. It was said that the sun was his right eye and the moon was his left eye, and that they traveled across the sky when he flew over as a falcon. This is why he is sometimes referred to as Harmerty – Horus of two eyes. Later, the reason that the moon was not as bright as the sun was explained by a tale, known as the Contesting’s of Horus and Seth. (Remler) In this story Seth, sometimes referred to as Typhon,(Shaw) the patron of Upper Egypt, and Horus, the patron of Lower Egypt, had a bloody battle for Egypt. They had always each other since Seth had killed Horus’ father, Osiris, and tried many times to kill Horus as a child. Neither was the clear winner but in the end the rest of the gods took Horus’ side. In the battle two important things happened. Seth lost a testicle which explains why the desert which he ruled over was in fertile. Then Horus had his left eye gouged out which explained why the moon was so much weaker than the sun. They would go on to have many more battles. The Eye of Horus is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection and royal power. The symbol is seen on images of Horus' mother, Isis, and on other gods associated with her. Horus was also said to be a god of war and hunting. After the death of his father Horus took it upon himself to wage war against Seth and his forces. In one story Osiris appears to Horus from the underworld and asks him â€Å"And what is the most glorious deed a man can do? Horus was said to have repliedâ€Å"To avenge the injuries done to his father and mother. † (Shaw) The Horus falcon often appears is hieroglyphs which shows a lion hunting. This made him a symbol of majesty and power as well as the model for the Pharaohs. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Horus-15) Other gods would later be referred to as gods of war Isis told Horus to protect the people of Egypt fr om Seth, the god of the desert. As mentioned before, Horus had many battles with Seth. These battles were not only to avenge Osiris but also to figure out who the rightful ruler of Egypt was. In these battles, Horus came to be associated with Lower Egypt (where Horus was worshipped), and became its patron. One story shows how Horus was on the verge of killing Seth but Isis, who was Seth’s sister, stopped him. Isis injured Horus, but eventually healed him. They both went to appeal to the various other gods to have them proclaim who was the winner once and for all and they eventually sided with Horus. Seth refused to give in, and the other gods were getting tired of the fighting that had continued for 80 years. Horus and Seth then challenged each other to a boat race, where they each raced in a boat made of stone. Horus and Seth agreed, and the race started. Horus had tricked Seth however. Horus’ boat was made of wood but painted to look like stone. Seth's boat sank, but Horus's did not. Horus then won the race, and Seth stepped down and officially gave Horus the throne of Egypt. But after the New Kingdom, Seth still was considered Lord of the desert and its oases which were greatly inferior to the fertile delta of Lower Egypt which Horus ruled over. While researching Horus it was important to understand just what his significance was in the lives of Ancient Egyptians. Was he just another one of their many gods or was he placed on a higher level than most? There are many heroic stories about Horus. The fact that the Egyptian people considered Pharaoh, their all-powerful rulers as living version of Horus tells us something. This is proof that he was one of the most important gods in the ancient Egyptian religion. It shows that Horus was the role model for all Egyptians. They were always hoping to conduct themselves in a manner that was Horus-like. Not surprisingly there have actually been many comparisons between the roles of Jesus in Christian religions and Horus in the religion of ancient Egypt. (Meltzer)

How does media affect society politically, socially, and economically Essay

Throughout history technology has evolved to provide easier forms of communication, and furthermore make people more informed. But the question is, has the evolution of media had a more positive or negative effect on society. Media affects everyone around the world and has the power to do many things to either send a good or bad message. Which is one of the main problems of media, its power. The power of media at most times is too powerful and is why media can have such a negative affect on society. But the positive view on the power of media is that is that it contributes awareness on problems that occur around the world. Media affects society politically, socially, and economically through the power people give media. Read more:  Media Influences on Society Different types of Media Media comes in different forms, some we aren’t even aware is media. Examples of of different types of media are the news, social media, and even text messaging can be considered media. The news is the most dependable source of media and many believe is well trusted but many do not know that the news is very bias and sometimes even changes their stories or the â€Å"news† to make them interesting. Which is why media has the power to deceive people and not always present the truth. This is an example of how media’s power can affect society in a negative way, by filling people’s minds with false information. Social media is the most common form of media. Different forms of social media are Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and publicity websites. These are not reliable sources, but have a big influence on society because many people believe that everything that is on the internet is true which is definitely not the case. Why social media has such a big effect on people it’s because of its great impressive power everyone seems to believe. If people are not interested in what they read, they will stop focusing on social media and powerful companies that have to do with publicity sites will stop making money. This is why They create false stories that attract and keep people interested. The more viewers they get the more money they will earn which is exactly what this want.

Voltaire s Theory Of The Age Of Enlightenment - 848 Words

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During his sixty year literary career, Voltaire wrote many plays, poems and books including Candide and Letters on The English. â€Å"Human beings are not only greedy, treacherous, and unpredictable, but also delightfully foolish, even mad. For they surround themselves with systems of belief to keep the sense of evil at bay. The propensity of human beings to find consolation in even the most tragic circumstances is one of the basic aspects of our nature.† (Mason 11) Even with the heavily enforced censorship laws and harsh penalties during his time, Voltaire used his works to criticize the Catholic Church beliefs and the state of France itself. According to Shaftesbury Zubiri, in Encyclopedia of Philosophy,Show MoreRe latedThe Theories And Beliefs Of The Enlightenment Era1168 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphysics, Ethics, Politics, and Esthetics. Throughout the age’s different theories and beliefs of philosophers contributed to our current understanding of the world. 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